MINECRAFT

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Minecraft is a sandbox game developed and published by Mojang Studios. It was officially released on November 18, 2011, for PCs after its public alpha launch on May 17, 2009, and has since been ported to many platforms, including mobile devices and various consoles.

In Minecraft, players explore a procedurally generated, three-dimensional world with nearly infinite terrain made of voxel-based blocks. Players can gather raw materials, craft tools and items, and build structures, earthworks, and machines. Depending on the game mode, players can fight hostile mobs or cooperate and compete with others in multiplayer. The game’s large community creates a wide range of user-generated content like mods, servers, skins, texture packs, and custom maps, adding new mechanics and possibilities.

Originally created in 2009 by Markus "Notch" Persson using Java, Jens "Jeb" Bergensten took over development after the 2011 release. In 2014, Microsoft bought Mojang and the Minecraft IP for $2.5 billion. Xbox Game Studios publishes the Bedrock Edition, a cross-platform version based on the mobile Pocket Edition, which replaced console versions in 2017. Bedrock is updated alongside the original Java Edition, though with some differences.

Minecraft is the best-selling video game ever, with over 350 million copies sold by 2025 and 140 million monthly active players as of 2021. It has won numerous awards and is considered one of the greatest games of all time. Social media, parodies, merchandise, and annual Minecon conventions have boosted its popularity. The speedrunning community is also significant. Minecraft is used in education to teach chemistry, computer-aided design, and computer science. The franchise includes spin-offs like Minecraft: Story Mode, Minecraft Earth, Minecraft Dungeons, and Minecraft Legends. A live-action film, A Minecraft Movie, released in 2025, is the second highest-grossing video game film ever.

Gameplay

Minecraft is a 3D sandbox game with no mandatory goals, giving players freedom to play as they choose, though it offers an optional achievement system. Gameplay defaults to a first-person perspective but allows third-person views. The world is made of rough 3D blocks representing materials like dirt, stone, ores, trees, water, and lava. Core gameplay involves breaking and placing these blocks to build. Players can use redstone to create simple mechanical devices, electrical circuits, and logic gates for complex systems. The game’s physics is often described as unrealistic, with most blocks unaffected by gravity.

Players can craft items like armor to reduce damage, weapons like swords or axes to kill mobs more easily, and tools like pickaxes or shovels to break blocks faster. Items have tiers based on materials, with higher tiers being more effective and durable. Players can craft helpful blocks like furnaces for cooking or smelting, and torches for light, or trade emeralds with villager NPCs for goods. The inventory system limits how many items players can carry.

The game world is virtually infinite, procedurally generated using a map seed from the system clock or player input. While vertical limits exist, the horizontal plane allows exploration up to 30 million blocks from the center. The world has biomes like deserts, jungles, and snowfields, with terrain including plains, mountains, forests, caves, and water or lava bodies. A day-night cycle lasts 20 real-time minutes.

New players get a random default skin from nine options, including Steve or Alex, but can create and upload custom skins. Players encounter mobs like animals, villagers, and hostile creatures. Passive mobs like cows, pigs, and chickens can be hunted for food and materials, while hostile mobs like spiders, witches, skeletons, and zombies spawn at night or in dark areas. Some mobs, like zombies and skeletons, burn in sunlight without headgear or water. Unique mobs include creepers, which explode near players, and endermen, which teleport and move blocks. Variants like husks and drowned spawn in specific biomes like deserts and oceans.

Dimensions

Minecraft has two alternate dimensions besides the Overworld: the Nether and the End.

The Nether

The Nether is a hell-like dimension accessed via player-built obsidian portals or repaired naturally generated ones. It contains unique resources and allows fast travel, as one block traveled in the Nether equals eight in the Overworld. Nether mobs include ghasts, piglins, and zombified piglins. Piglins have a bartering system where players trade gold ingots for items. Nether Fortresses hold mobs like wither skeletons and blazes, which drop blaze rods needed for the End. Bastion remnants may contain netherite upgrade templates to craft the game’s most durable material. Players can build an optional boss, the Wither, using wither skeleton skulls and soul sand.

The End

The End is accessed through end portals in underground strongholds, found using eyes of ender crafted from ender pearls and blaze powder. The dimension has floating islands in a dark void, with the Ender Dragon boss guarding the central island. Killing the dragon unlocks an exit portal, triggering the game’s ending credits and the End Poem, a 1,500-word narrative by Julian Gough that takes about nine minutes to read. After the credits, players return to their respawn point and can continue playing. Exploring further in the End reveals end cities and ships with valuable loot.

Game Modes

Survival Mode

In Survival mode, players gather resources like wood and stone to craft items. Depending on difficulty, monsters spawn in dark areas, requiring shelters for nighttime survival. Players have a health bar depleted by mob attacks, falls, drowning, lava, suffocation, starvation, or other events, and a hunger bar that needs periodic refills with food, except on peaceful difficulty. If the hunger bar is empty, healing stops, and health depletes. Health regenerates with a full hunger bar or continuously on peaceful. Upon death, players drop items unless configured otherwise and respawn at their spawn point, set by default or by sleeping in a bed or using a respawn anchor. Dropped items despawn after five minutes but can be recovered if reached in time. Experience points, gained from killing mobs, mining, smelting, breeding, or cooking, can be spent on enchanting tools, armor, and weapons for better performance.

Hardcore mode is like Survival but locks difficulty to Hard and enforces permadeath, requiring players to delete the world or explore as a spectator after dying. Adventure mode prevents direct world modification, designed for custom maps to ensure intended gameplay.

Creative Mode

In Creative mode, players have unlimited access to nearly all items and can place or break them instantly. They can fly freely, take no damage, and aren’t affected by hunger, making it ideal for building and creating without interruptions.

Multiplayer

Minecraft’s multiplayer lets players interact in a single world via direct game-to-game play, LAN, local split-screen (consoles only), or servers. Players can host servers through realms, hosting providers, or direct connections via Xbox Live, PlayStation Network, or Nintendo Switch Online. Single-player worlds support LAN play for local networks without a server. Server operators use commands to manage settings like time of day or player teleportation and can restrict access by usernames or IP addresses. Servers like Hypixel, with over 14 million unique visitors, offer diverse activities, including player-versus-player combat.

Minecraft Realms

In 2013, Mojang introduced Minecraft Realms, a hosting service for easy, safe multiplayer servers without IP addresses. Java Edition Realms allow up to 20 invited players, with 10 online at once, and support custom maps but not plugins. Bedrock Realms allow up to 3,000 invited players, with 10 online, and support add-ons, resource packs, behavior packs, and custom maps. Cross-platform play began in June 2016 for Windows 10, iOS, and Android, with Xbox One and Nintendo Switch added in 2017, and virtual reality support included. Nintendo Switch Realms launched in July 2018.

Modification

Minecraft’s modding community, made up of fans and third-party programmers, creates mods, texture packs, and custom maps. Mods add new blocks, items, mobs, or mechanics, from minimaps and durability counters to elements from other games. Mojang supports modding with official frameworks for resource packs, altering textures and sounds. Custom maps include specific rules, challenges, or quests. Adventure mode and command blocks, added in 2012, enhance custom map experiences. Data packs, introduced in Java Edition 1.13, allow customization of achievements, dimensions, functions, loot tables, recipes, structures, and world generation.

The Xbox 360 Edition offered downloadable content like skin packs via the Xbox Games Store, later adding mash-up packs combining texture packs, skins, sounds, music, and UI changes. The first mash-up pack, themed after Mass Effect, launched in 2013. The Xbox 360 Edition didn’t support player-made mods or maps. A Super Mario resource pack was released for the Wii U Edition in 2016 and bundled with the Nintendo Switch Edition. A Fallout pack launched for consoles in 2016 and for Windows and mobile in 2017. In 2018, malware was found in some Java Edition skins, potentially reformatting hard drives if opened, though Mojang patched the issue, noting the game itself didn’t run the malicious code.

Marketplace

In June 2017, the Pocket Edition’s "1.1 Discovery Update" introduced the Marketplace, a catalog of purchasable user-generated content like skins, maps, texture packs, and add-ons, letting creators earn a living. Items are bought with Minecoins, a digital currency purchased with real money, or through a Marketplace Pass subscription. The Marketplace includes content from Mojang, Microsoft, and official collaborations with other IPs. By 2022, it had over 1.7 billion downloads and generated over $500 million in revenue.

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